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    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a method for removing pathogen microbes having ozone-sensitive stages during their life cycle, such as dried mycelium and spores, flocking spores and sensitive, non-light mycelium, from an object such as crops and / or a growing / storage space. The method includes producing an aqueous ozone solution, and treating the subject with an aqueous ozone solution. In addition, • evaporation is set so that it takes 5 to 300 minutes for the water to dry from the surfaces, the ozone concentration on the surface to be treated is 100 to 3000 ppb, preferably 200 to 1000 ppb, whereby said spores and / or organisms absorb ozone with the irrigation water and die. The invention also relates to a corresponding system for removing pathogenic microbes.
    公开号:FI20195935A1
    申请号:FI20195935
    申请日:2019-10-31
    公开日:2021-05-01
    发明作者:Kaija Kärki；Raine Vierto；Ari Lappi；Risto Tahvonen
    申请人:Happico Holding Oy；Risto Tahvonen；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    METHOD FOR THE REMOVAL OF PATHOGENS IN PLANT GROWING
    The present invention relates to a method for removing pathogen microbes having ozone-sensitive phases such as dried mycelium and spores, flocking spores and sensitive, non-light mycelium from a subject such as crops and / or cultures during their life cycle. The method includes producing an aqueous ozone solution and treating the subject with an aqueous ozone solution. The invention also relates to a system for removing pathogenic microbes. Ozone is an unstable gas consisting of three oxygen atoms. In nature, ozone only occurs as a mixture of air in gaseous form, but even here the half-life is very short. The highest ozone concentrations are found right at the border, for example near the surface of the lawn, on a clear summer day, when the concentration can reach a maximum of 80 ppb. Generally, there is no ozone near the earth's surface because ozone is a rapidly degrading molecule. When decomposed from an ozone molecule, one oxygen molecule and a single-atom oxygen are formed, which combines with another equivalent to form an oxygen molecule or reacts immediately with, for example, biological material. This reaction is a very rapid oxidation reaction in which the target biological material, for example a bacterium, dies immediately. Thanks to this oxidation reaction, ozone is N 25 one of the most effective disinfectants, which is widely used for, for example, water purification, air purification, bleaching and disinfection. i 0 Ozone in the air has been found to control and slow down & spore infections of pathogens, but for economic production 2 30 the control result is insufficient. In addition, exposure to ozone is detrimental to crops, as ozone in its gaseous form travels inside the plant's leaves.
    to parts through air gaps in the air mixture.
    Already a concentration of 80-100 ppb in the air causes chlorosis to the leaves upon continuous exposure, which impairs the effective contact of the plant and thus the yield potential.
    Thus, the use of ozone in gaseous form to remove pathogens is disadvantageous and often impossible in a developmental situation where the pathogen absorbs the water it needs directly from the host plant or the surrounding moisture.
    Ozone can be dissolved in water during the production of ozone.
    The use of water-dissolved ozone in the control of crop pathogens is disclosed in U.S. Patent 6,871,541. The publication discloses technical solutions for the production and use of an aqueous ozone solution for the control of agricultural plant pathogens.
    An apparatus for producing an aqueous ozone solution is known from the publication, which includes a water tank and piping, an ozone generator and a venturi for supplying ozone to the water pipes.
    The equipment shown can be connected to any injection system, either permanently or aboard a moving vehicle.
    The use of an aqueous ozone solution for the removal of harmful microbes such as bacteria, viruses and fungi from live crops is demonstrated.
    It is also known per se to disinfect culture media, irrigation water, irrigation pipes and irrigation chutes between cultivation periods using nitric acid and a disinfectant. & o 25 High pressure nozzles and vortex chamber nozzles are widely used in plant protection in the field of plant diseases and pests. a 0 The results obtained with the treatment of crops according to the prior art with ozone-D aqueous solution in plant protection are very variable S 30, the reasons for which have not been elucidated in detail.
    The object of the invention is to provide an effective, crop- and harmless and completely non-toxic method for controlling pests with ozone.
    To achieve this object, the invention is characterized by what is set forth in the characterizing part of the appended claim 1.
    It is also an object of the invention to provide a system by means of which ozone treatment can be carried out automatically under favorable conditions on the basis of detection or infection patterns.
    The characteristic features of the system according to the invention appear from the appended claim 13. A method according to the invention for removing pathogen microbes having ozone-sensitive phases such as dried mycelium and spores, flocking spores and sensitive, non-light mycelium and mycelium from a crop such as culture / storage space, includes the production of an aqueous ozone solution and the treatment of the target with an aqueous ozone solution.
    The evaporation is set so that it takes 5 to 300 minutes for the water to dry from the surfaces.
    The pathogenic spores and / or organisms in the subject are dried to a degree of rest and an absorbent state prior to treatment with an aqueous ozone solution.
    Ozone water treatment is carried out on the above-ground parts of plants or on hard surfaces in large droplets.
    The ozone concentration of the ozone water on the surface to be treated is 100 to 3000 ppb, preferably 200 to 1000 ppb, whereby said spores> 25 and / or organisms absorb ozone with the irrigation water and N die. 2 0 In this way, pathogenic microbes can be removed from the surfaces and / or growing / storage facilities of live E plants without damaging ozone-sensitive plants and without any toxic residues.
    By placing the pathogenic microbes in an absorbent state = before treatment with an aqueous ozone solution, the efficiency of the N ozone treatment is ensured, because the absorbent microbes safely absorb the ozone-containing water from the environment.
    and die as a result of the oxidation reaction caused by ozone.
    This significantly improves the overall result of pathogen destruction by ozone water treatment.
    Preferably, in a method for removing pathogenic microbes from aboveground plant parts, comprising at least cucumber, lettuce and frost-sensitive ornamentals, in a greenhouse culture in which there is a significant phase of microbial life outside the plant in aboveground plant parts; the control unit controls the ozone water solution injection equipment according to the set program.
    In this way, ozone treatment can be carried out efficiently in greenhouses, which makes it possible to destroy pathogens in a completely non-toxic manner.
    The efficiency of the ozone treatment is ensured by placing the pathogenic spores and / or organisms in an absorbent state before the ozone treatment and by carrying out the ozone treatment according to the program set in the control devices.
    Preferably, in a method for removing pathogenic microbes from plants, including at least strawberries, in open field cultivation in which there is a significant phase in the life cycle of the pests in the above-ground parts of the berries or plants, the pathogenic spores and / or organisms are placed in an absorbent state by monitoring the environment. 25 during the day in rainless weather. 2 In this way, ozone treatment can be carried out efficiently in open field cultivation, which enables completely non-toxic destruction of pathogens.
    The efficiency of the ozone treatment is ensured by monitoring the evaporation, which in this case is a function of the air temperature, humidity and flow rate, and by carrying out the ozone treatment with the pathogenic spores and / or organisms in the absorbent state.
    Nozzles with droplets with an ozone concentration of 10 to 75% of the initial level in the water used for spraying can be used to spray the aqueous ozone solution. In this case, a sufficient ozone concentration is obtained on the surface of the plant, when the aqueous ozone solution is applied to the surfaces of the plants in large droplets, the size of which resembles the moderate rainfall of nature. The initial level of ozone concentration in the ozone aqueous solution may be 500 to 3000 ppb, preferably 700 to 2000 ppb. In this case, the ozone concentration in the droplets on the surface of the plants is sufficient to eliminate pathogens. Preferably, in a method for destroying pathogenic microbes, comprising at least downy mildew, downy mildew and downy mildew, the ozone water treatment in the greenhouse or in the open air is carried out at least once during the incubation period and 0 to 6 times a day, preferably 1 to 4 times a day. In this case, spores with a short stage of infection can be effectively controlled. Preferably, the daily periodicity of ozone treatments is determined by the defined level of risk. In this case, the daily number of sprays, and thus the efficiency of ozone water treatment in killing pathogenic microbes, can be optimized on the basis of infection models.
    O 5 In a method for destroying pathogenic microbes, comprising at least N25 gray mold, downy mildew and leaf mold, in a plant or outdoors, a single injection of an ozone aqueous solution may take 5 to 60 seconds, preferably 10 to 20 seconds. In this case, the ozone exposure of sensitive plants remains very low.
    R Preferably, the spray piping is drained of old water before introducing an aqueous ozone solution into the piping. In this case, the
    the ozone content of the aqueous solution is at a sufficient level as soon as spraying is started, and the microbial dormancy achieved by drying is not spoiled.
    At worst, the old water in the pipelines saturates the microbes, making them no longer sensitive to ozone.
    In the control of Pythium disease, clean media, clean biofiltered irrigation water as well as disinfected irrigation pipes and irrigation chutes are provided.
    In this case, the Pythium fungus is destroyed before it has time to infect crops.
    Pythium fungus is very sensitive to ozone water both as a mycelium and as flockers.
    Ozone is not effective on plants that are already affected because the fungus is protected inside the plant.
    Preferably, in the method for removing pathogenic microbes from empty growth / storage rooms, the space is mechanically cleaned and air-dried, and an aqueous ozone solution is used in an amount of 0.1 to 2 1 / m 2, preferably 0.5 to 1 1 / m 2. For the first time, this creates the possibility of completely non-toxic cleaning of the surfaces of farms and warehouses.
    In addition, farms can be set up almost immediately after ozone treatment, as ozone has depleted within 2 hours at the latest.
    In the 1980s, the control of long-term storage of vegetable diseases was very effective by spraying the above-ground foliage of the plants with the pesticide.
    Exactly the same effect can also be achieved with ozone treatment. © In breeding / storage rooms, the ozone water solution can be sprayed with a hand-held irrigation system.
    In this case, it is not necessary to install separate spraying systems in the rooms, since the spraying can be carried out cost-effectively with a hand-operated irrigation device, and the same device can be used in several rooms.
    The invention also relates to a system for removing pathogens from crops. The system includes an ozone water solution generator of 100 to 3000 ppb, preferably 200 to 1000 ppb, for producing an ozone water solution and piping for conveying the ozone water solution comprising a body water pipe and a plurality of branch pipes terminating in a plurality of spray nozzles within or on the crop. In addition, the system includes detection means for monitoring ambient conditions, including at least measuring the temperature of the sensor and measuring the saturation deficit of the sensor. The control unit controls the spray equipment of the ozone water solution according to the set program. Spray nozzles are used to spray the ozone aqueous solution, which form large droplets with an ozone concentration in the target of 10 to 75% of the initial level.
    In this way, a system is provided with which the method described above can be implemented. The advantages of the system are the same as the advantages of the method described above.
    The ozone generator can be connected to a normal fertilization-irrigation water system via a valve. In this case, the system can be part of a normal irrigation water system with its main water pipe. However, the ozone water solution has its own spray lines with its own spray nozzles, because in the humidification nozzles currently used in the industry, ozone is immediately decomposed into oxygen. In this case, the system has valves to select the dew-> 25 lu or ozone water treatment and to drain the piping ©. In addition, the ozone generator can be part of a normal fertilizer-irrigation water system for disinfecting them, whereby, when the actual irrigation is switched off, ozone water is fed from the ozone generator to the irrigation piping up to a separate pipe.
    O N Ozone aqueous solution spray nozzles are preferably low pressure fan nozzles. In this case, the ozone aqueous solution can be sprayed onto the surfaces in the form of large droplets, the ozone content of which must meet the prescribed criteria. The invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate some embodiments of the invention, in which Figure 1 shows in principle a first embodiment of an ozone water injection system according to the invention for removing pathogens in plant growth, and Figure 2 shows in principle a second embodiment of a solution according to the invention. an embodiment for cleaning empty greenhouses and / or warehouses of pathogens. Figure 1 shows in principle a first embodiment of a spraying system 10 according to the invention for the removal of pathogens in plant cultivation based on modern cultivation techniques. A typical irrigation fertilization system for a greenhouse plant includes a fertilizer and water mixing device 14 and a pump 15 which connect to a body water pipe 20. The body water pipe 20 branches into a plurality of irrigation pipelines 22 separated from the body water pipe 20 by solenoid valves 42 and sprinklers 24 for the application of plant fertilizer to plants.
    N © The ozone generator ™ 25 12 of the ozone water spray system and the pump 13 are connected to the main pipe 21. In addition to the irrigation pipes 22 of the irrigation fertilizer system E, there are separate spray pipes 23 on or in the crop 10 separated from the ozone water main pipe 21 by solenoid valves 41 and> - for spraying the silica solution. The droplet size of the aqueous ozone solution to be injected can be adjusted to the optimum by adjusting the
    21 main piping pressures and 25 nozzle sizes and types.
    The control of the ozone water sprays is preferably implemented by the control unit 30 of the irrigation fertilization system, which detects the room temperature with the sensor 32 and the saturation deficit with the sensor 34, which indicates the humidity status of the plants and pathogens.
    An ozone concentration sensor 36 can also be connected to the system, which measures the ozone concentration of the ozone aqueous solution at the extreme end of the irrigation piping 22. The control unit 30 controls all valves in the system.
    Depending on the nozzle, one solenoid valve 41 can control 250 to 500 m field spraying depending on the power of the ozone plant and the design of the nozzles.
    When the ozone generator 12 is dormant, the old ozone water solution in the spray pipes 23 and the body pipe 21, which does not have enough ozone left for disinfection until the next spray, can be removed in the spray pipes 23 through the drain valves of the solenoid valves 41 and the valve 52 in the body 21.
    When the ozone generator 12 starts, the solenoid valves 41 open at the extreme end of the body tube 21 until the body tube 21 is filled, after which the spray tubes 23 in turn spray large drops of water on the plants through their nozzles 25.
    Depending on the leaf area of the plants, ozone water is preferably used at a time, preferably 1 to 4 d1 / m . & o 25 The surfaces of the plants are moistened with an aqueous ozone solution during the day at a bright time, when the plants are safe = dry on their surfaces before the treatment and the pathogens are in an absorbent> state.
    The number of wetting times per day is determined according to the risk level based on the infection & infection patterns, so that o S 30 Risk level O is a resistant variety,
    Risk level 1 is a pest-tolerant variety and no symptoms are observed in the crop, Risk level 2 is a susceptible plant and no pests are yet detected in the crop, and Risk level 3 is detected in the crop. Based on the risk levels, the ozone water injection is staggered so that Risk Level 0 comprises 0 injections / day, Risk Level 1 comprises 1 injection / day, Risk Level 2 comprises 2 to 3 injections / day, and Risk Level 3 comprises 3 to 4 injections / day. Current spray nozzles used to control diseases and pests are of the high-pressure or vortex chamber nozzles type, which are not suitable for ozone treatment at all because ozone is immediately decomposed into oxygen. If the ozone aqueous solution is sprayed using these spray nozzles, no ozone will reach the target, because ozone is completely lost from the aqueous solution when a droplet forms. Already in the first measurements, when the ozone content of the water was 800 ppb and the ozone aqueous solution was sprayed in small mist droplets.
    O N container, the ozone had already completely disappeared. But when 800 ppb O Co Ce e Ce,. T ozone-containing water was injected in large droplets, the ozone concentration in the measuring vessel was 340 ppb. When ozone water was injected into the study object in large droplets, the result was very lethal to mildew spores, dry gray mold and Fusarium fungus.
    O & Pesticide treatments require that the aqueous ozone solution be applied to the surface of the plant in the form of large droplets
    resembling moderate rainfall in nature.
    Fan nozzles, for example a white (product code: NNA003108) or a black (product code: NNA003110) 110 ° fan nozzle, at a low pressure of 100 to 200 kPa can be used as the spray nozzles 25.
    In this case, the flow rate of the ozone aqueous solution is 1.85 to 3.26 l / min, and the ozone content of the droplets reaching the surfaces of the plants is 10 to 75% of the initial level in the water used for spraying.
    This treatment removes at least spores of mildew, leaf mold (Pseudoperonospora cupensis with cucumber, Bremia lactuce on lettuce), gray mold, cucumber black spot (Didymella bryonie) and tomato stalk (Didymella lycopersici) awaiting moisture.
    With the same treatment, vegetable mites and aphids are reduced or controlled from pests.
    The same technique can be used to control strawberries from mildew, downy mildew and vegetable pots in the open air by using irrigation equipment used to cool plants and control frost.
    Irrigation of plants with an ozone water solution can hardly be raised without measurable ozone concentration values, as the amount of ozone water is negligibly small per leaf area.
    The foliar index of cucumbers is typically 3 to 5, ie there are 3 to 5 hectares of leaves per hectare, which requires water for plant protection spraying in a plant protection spraying of about 400 1 -> 25 2000 1. Of the 400 liters, the amount of ozone is about 0.32 g / ha , when the ozone water to be injected has an ozone concentration of 800 ppb and if all 0 ozone were transferred to the air without loss.
    The hectare volume of a modern plant E is about 70,000 m3. To date, no toxic concentration is known in the water to be sprayed on the plant.
    It is even obvious that such a concentration can only be achieved by briefly immersing the plant leaf in the ozone solution.
    Ozone is likely to decompose from water sprayed on a leaf in less than 10 minutes, but this requires more accurate measurements or computational evaluation. For example, ozone is removed from water sprayed as a fine mist immediately before it reaches the leaf. It can be stated with certainty that a droplet layer of ozonated water with an initial concentration of 1000 ppb can be sprayed on the surfaces of the plants. For highly ozone-tolerant plants, the concentration may be significantly higher, as the surface layer of the plant is also likely to act catalytically, decomposing ozone immediately upon contact with, for example, a waxy cuticle. Similar catalytic phenomena are known from inorganic materials, for example brass. The unicellular hair roots of the young roots of a plant, from which the plant takes the plant nutrients it needs from the soil, are probably very sensitive to ozone, but ozone has no chance of penetrating the plant’s root system as it decomposes immediately upon contact with organic matter in the soil. In the preliminary experiments, a concentration of about 800 ppb in water did not cause cucumber root damage or growth retardation when the plant bases were watered twice a week and the plants were evaluated one week after the last treatment. The first embodiment of the spray system 10 according to the invention shown in Figure 1 can also be used to clean the entire fertilizer irrigation system of waterborne pathogens (Pythium and bacterial diseases) between cultivation periods and during the cultivation period. There are only microbes in the piping of the fertilizer irrigation system that are not in contact with light during their active life and that do not require drying. Thus, an aqueous ozone solution kills 3 these microbes very effectively even without drying. OF
    The ozone generator 12 can be connected via a valve 51 and a pipe 18 to the main water pipe 20 of the irrigation system. When normal irrigation is interrupted, for example at night, the ozone water treatment can be carried out for all fertilizer irrigation systems.
    system pipes.
    With the solenoid valves 51 and 42 open, a high concentration of ozone water is introduced into the body pipe 20 and all irrigation piping 22, which further pushes out normal tap water.
    In the final stage, the entire pipeline is under the control of ozone water, which can be calculated computationally.
    based on the volume of the system and the production capacity of the ozone generator 12 or by measuring the ozone content of the water coming from the end of the irrigation pipe.
    Purification is complete as soon as the ozone concentration sensor 36 in the extreme piping detects that the selected limit value, for example 50 to 300 ppb, is exceeded.
    ozone concentration.
    The ozone content of the ozone water solution to be pumped can be, for example, 1000 to 2000 ppb.
    When the selected limit value is exceeded, the equipment control unit 30 preferably shuts off the ozone supply automatically.
    The only post-treatment that may be required may be the ozone depletion potential.
    time, i.e. 2 to 4 hours in aquaculture, where the aqueous ozone solution does not have to pass through the peat, i.e. the growing medium.
    Figure 2 shows in principle a second embodiment of an spray system 10 according to the invention for removing pathogens from greenhouse structures and storages,
    > 25 of, for example, stocks of vegetables, fruit and potatoes.
    Ra-
    N fields are cleaned by manual disinfection.
    2 titango per 100 pests between growing seasons or
    0 point treatments during cultivation.
    The system can
    E uses the same ozone generator 12 and pump 13 as the ozone
    0 30 in an aqueous solution injection system.
    Ozone aqueous solution
    D is determined from the ozone generator 12 and the pump 13
    2 through 102 to a human-used disinfection rod 100 having spray nozzles 25, for example, 2 to 4 meters wide.
    Between cultivation and storage periods, after mechanical cleaning of the production premises, the premises are allowed to dry thoroughly to air dry. The surfaces to be cleaned are sprayed with a specially constructed disinfection rod 100 to moisten a layer of concentrated aqueous ozone solution 1 to 3 d1 / m . Ventilation hatches and doors may be open during handling. In less than two hours, ozone has evaporated from the room to ambient levels, destroying all dormant pathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses.
    Equivalent ozone water treatment can also be used to easily and efficiently clean implements, such as tractors, that are used in a variety of applications. In this way, the migration of pests from one crop area to another can be effectively reduced.
    Ozone and plant pathogens Ozone can only affect plant diseases during cultivation that have a significant life-cycle stage in the above-ground parts of the plant. Therefore, the use of ozone in the control of plant diseases requires treatments to be carried out before the pathogen has penetrated the plant. Perhaps the most surprising but significant factor influencing the success of control is the variation in the properties of different types of pathogens in ozone susceptibility and at different stages of development. The location of the disease oO 25 in the above-ground or underground parts of the plant also has a decisive effect on the variation.
    0
    I = Plant diseases are caused by the following three groups of organisms: fungi, 0 bacteria and viruses. Fungal diseases are the largest, most diverse 3 and economically most significant group, causing more than 80% of the total damage to diseases 2 in Finland, depending significantly on the plant species.
    Viral Diseases Most viral diseases are spread through insect vectors, a typical example of an aphid, i.e., the insect absorbs fluid from the diseased plant and spreads the virus particles in the fluid to the next plant.
    Due to this mode of distribution, ozone has no possibility to break the path of distribution.
    Another mode of transmission is asexually propagated plants.
    Ozone also has no effect on this mode of distribution.
    Some viruses remain dormant for long periods in culture media.
    When a greenhouse is disinfected for other reasons, the virus is quickly destroyed by ozone.
    Bacteria Bacterial diseases that persist on the surfaces of crop structures and in product stocks from one growing season to another can be easily controlled with ozone water as a by-product when the structures are cleaned of fungal diseases.
    It is very well known that ozone thoroughly destroys bacteria in water and structures, regardless of species.
    Fungal diseases The use of ozone in the control of fungal diseases requires a thorough knowledge of the epidemiology of different fungal diseases, the physical structure for control and the conditions of infection in N different groups of fungal diseases from the point of view of the use of ozone. 2 = A significant new finding is in plant diseases in which mycelium I 25 and spores are constantly exposed to sunlight during growth.
    During growth, the fungus takes water and & nutrients from its host plant and their vital functions are fully active 2, giving them full fluid tension.
    This phase is not affected by N ozone in either gaseous or liquid form.
    Exemplary disease, common gray mold is completely resistant to
    even at very high concentrations. Another good example of a light-growing fungal mycelium is the mycelium mycelium, which grows as a very thin, pale mycelium on the upper surface of the plant's leaf. The fungus grows through the epidermis the suction strips with which it feeds fluids from the host plant. This part of the mildew is resistant to water, drought, sunlight and ozone in both conditions, even at high concentrations. But fungal spores or the fungal germ tube growing from them are sensitive to both gaseous and especially ozone in water before infection.
    Another significant is the sensitivity of fungi growing in the soil to ozonated water also during the active growth phase. Testing has now been done with Pythium and Fusarium sponge.
    Downy Mushrooms (Erysiphaceae) After infecting the leaves, the downy fungi form a thin mycelium on the surface of the plant, which receives the moisture and nutrients it needs directly through the surface of the leaf. The mycelium forms a large number of asexually light crusts on the surface of the plant, which are carried by the wind for very long journeys and for new plants. The pathogen is an absolute parasite, meaning it can only grow on live plants. Almost every plant has its own species of mildew, or at least its own form of species, o which cannot infect a plant species other than its own.
    O 5 The spores of the fungus have an exceptionally high moisture content compared to the spores of other fungal diseases, which is why only a very high humidity is sufficient to infect the spores, but when they fall into a drop of water, the crumb is quickly destroyed. The spores of the fungus spread during the day and infect the plant at night. The infection phase lasts 6 to 12 S to 30 hours, depending on the species of mildew. In gaseous form, ozone has a satisfactory effect on the infectious as a continuous exposure, but the ozone solution gives a good or excellent control result when plants are sprayed.
    three times a day as water droplets containing more than 300 ppb of ozone when in contact with the surface of the plant. Ozone does not destroy the mycelium on the surface of the plant, so that ozone cannot be used to clean the plant's leaf from the fungal filament. Based on this basic information, technical applications can be built in practice both in greenhouses and in the open air for the control of mildew infection. On the basis of this basic solution, many other pests must also be controlled, which first spread on the surfaces of plants as dry spores which have become accustomed to sunshine during their evolution (for example, gray mold). Leafy fungi Leafy foxes (Peronosporaceae) are absolute parasites that live only on live plants. The fungus grows mycelium inside the plant and at the same time destroys the plant cell with its secretions. In the advancement zone, the sponge support brackets emerge from the air gaps. Kuromaidios spread with the wind to new plants. Infection is only successful if there are water droplets on the surface of the plant, in which the spores release swimmers floating in the water, which penetrate the plant's natural openings, such as gutta-percha points at the tips of the leaves and air gaps inside the plant. The infection lasts a minimum of one hour and normally a couple of hours. Leaf molds cause disease in cucumbers, lettuce and rust. The most serious diseases occur in cucumbers and lettuce, o 25 with which plants can be completely destroyed in as little as a week. 7 Control measures include effective climate control by heating and = ventilation. The use of ozone water in the control of mildew = is certainly effective against the disease, as flockers are very sensitive to ozone, as is the case with all ovarian fungi (Oomycetes).
    N Ground Pythium (Pythiaceae)
    Pathium-like pathogens are all ground-borne diseases that cause seedling burns and root rot. The fungal mycelium can also live and survive in the soil as a saprophyte in organic matter. The species Pythium ultimum, which occurs in greenhouses, almost never forms a sexual ovum like P. depaeryanum, which is common in field cultivation. In a rapidly growing mycelium, the fungus forms colonies that release swarmers into the groundwater, which first strike through the hair roots of the root tips to the root and then to the cotyledon to cause seedling death and, in older plants, root rot and root disease. The most significant mode of transmission of the disease is contaminated culture medium and recycled irrigation water. Pythium disease is currently the most significant root disease in greenhouses, especially cucumber and potted lettuce. The Pythium fungus is very sensitive to ozone water both as a mycelium and as a flock. Ozone cannot be effective on plants that are already affected, because the fungus is protected inside the plant and the medium already around the roots provides complete protection against ozone. Due to the above, the control and control of Pythium disease is based on clean media, clean biofiltered irrigation water, disinfection of irrigation pipes and irrigation chutes. o As the Pythium fungus is very sensitive to ozonated water, the use of> 25 ozone is a very fast and efficient procedure for cleaning empty farms and irrigation systems. e Other disinfection measures also have the advantage of ease of use, safety and speed.
    LO 2 Fusarium and other similarly spreading earthy fungi 3 30 (Fungi imperfecti)
    N A large number of soil-borne fungal diseases spread with the medium, damaging the plant's roots, roots and stem leads.
    The best-known and most important fungal species is Fusarium oxysporum, which has forms specialized for various plants that cause wilting diseases when the vascular tendons inside the stems of the plants are destroyed.
    The fungus travels in the conduction tendons to the leaves, on the lower surfaces of which the fungus forms small spores of 1 to 3 cells flying through the air, which, after drying, can remain in the structures for long periods of time.
    Infectious mycelium and spores also remain in the growing medium and in old root pieces.
    When greenhouses are emptied at the end of the growing season and cleaned of plant and growing medium waste, small particles of plants and growing media are always left in the greenhouse, which need to be disinfected before new plants are established.
    All pathogenic fungi that go into prolonged dormancy as a result of dehydration start to grow again as soon as they absorb water.
    When moisturizing ozone water is sprayed on these dry surfaces, the fungal spores and mycelium bodies as well as the perennial forms (clamydospores) absorb this water.
    Because these pathogens have never been able to develop resistance to ozone from within, they will be destroyed immediately.
    Fusarium fungi are also susceptible to full fluid stress, in contrast to fungi that grow continuously with sunlight (for example, mildew and gray mold). > <25 Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) and other fungal diseases that have © learned to tolerate and even take advantage of sunlight and 0 large variations in humidity in their spread i Gray mold proved surprising against ozone.
    When & gray mold was washed from the surface of highly rotted stored cabbage 3 into water and sprayed back onto the cutting surface of healthy cabbage, & plastic, glass and redcurrant branches, the ozone concentration in air of 2500 ppb was unable to kill gray mold mold spores and mycelium.
    When the same result came the following year in experimental arrangements in which gray molds washed from a moist, rotting cabbage surface and subsequent mycelium fragments survived on a plastic surface in ozone spray and concentrated ozone solution, it was quite clear that gray mold mycelium and spores were against sustainable ozone. When a similar test was performed with a sponge suspension washed from a dried gray mold bowl, the gray mold died almost completely. This long series of experiments showed that surface disinfection of plants with ozone water must be carried out under conditions in which the spores on the surfaces of the plants are so dry that they begin to absorb water so that they begin to grow and infect the plant. Similarly, this series of experiments showed that gray mold does not have a mechanism to prevent ozone from entraining cells with water. In nature, gray mold persists until the next year on the surfaces of rotting plants such as berries and succulent leaves, where they form a curl in the brackets in moist conditions. In wet conditions, the spores do not spread much with the wind, but after the sun has dried, the spores detach from the wind for a distance of at least 50 m if the wind speed is more than 2 m / s. Dried mycelium and compression supports are easily microscopically identified in structure compared to fully fluidized cultures.
    > <25 All naturally occurring spores of fungal diseases such as gray mold are similarly dry and their germination 0 works with the same technique, i.e. the dry spores absorb water from around them by means of the osmotic pressure difference and then start to grow. Thus, there is only one effective method for controlling these fungi with ozone water, i.e. the plants and the inactive surfaces to be cleaned are treated as dry as possible. It is very likely that during the evolution of the fungi, strains whose mycelium, and in particular the spores, have surface tension properties such that the binding of water to the surface of the spore is most effective in accelerating germination, have been selected to continue to function. When ozone water is sprayed on the surface of a plant, a single drop disintegrates into small droplets due to mechanical force to effectively irrigate the fungal spores and the surface of the plant, where the water very quickly drips into large droplets due to the surface tension of the plant leaf. This physical movement of water effectively helps to wet the fungi with ozone water.
    In 2019, extensive basic studies were conducted on the effects of ozone water on key greenhouse fungal diseases, mildew, wilting disease, seedling burn and mold (Erysiphe sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium ultimum and Botrytis cinerea). The main results of these studies were as follows:
    1. The Pythium fungus, which spreads through land and water, was sensitive to ozone, but it is not possible to control it from the ground with ozone because ozone decomposes immediately in the ground.
    2. Downy mildew spores are very sensitive to ozone, but the mycelium of the fungus growing on the surface of the plant survives.
    3. The spores and mycelium of the Fusarium fungus are very sensitive to ozonated water and in solution and spraying on the surfaces of dry materials.
    4. The mycelium and spores of gray mold taken from aqueous cabbage are ozone-resistant, but the dried mycelium and spores are sensitive to ozone. This fungus spreads to © plants only as dry spores. 0 5. Very concentrated ozone water does not cause toxic 0 problems for sensitive plants E when sprayed on leaves or watered on roots. 3 30 6. Ozone water use technology plays a crucial role in efficiency = fungal diseases. In ozonated water, susceptible microbes N die within minutes. But if ozone water is sprayed on the surfaces of plants and solid structures by traditional spraying techniques used to control plant diseases and pests, ozone is completely removed from the nozzle on the surface to be treated by the spraying path and thus completely loses its effectiveness.
    For this reason, special nozzles must be used for spraying, which form droplets with an ozone concentration at the target of about half the initial level.
    The research results described above on the mechanisms of ozone action in epidemiologically different plant disease groups provided an almost complete solution to model the use of ozone water in plant protection, when other sources have known for decades that bacteria and viruses are completely sensitive to ozone in water and water is absorbed through the skin of vegetable mites. is apparently sensitive to high ozone concentrations in water.
    The test results are presented in more detail below.
    Examples and test results Larynx control experiments Preliminary test March-April 2019 Frosty o throat leaves were picked from the garden next to the research unit, which infected 6 open cucumber stalks.
    After the detection of the visible infection, 18 new O seedlings were grown to the stage of the first leaf, in which case the plants were divided into bulb boxes into 3 groups, in the middle of which 2 already diseased plants were placed.
    Control plants were sprayed three times a week with water.
    The second test member was injected three times a day with ozone water (800 ppb) and the third test member 2 in the morning and evening.
    Injections were made with large droplets N which remained on the surface of the plant for 2 to 4 hours.
    For the night, the plants were covered with black and white plastic to maintain high humidity. The injections lasted 6 weeks. This experiment showed that the spread and intensity of mildew could be limited even if the infectious plants were in the immediate vicinity of the test plants. In the most intense treatment, the opacity of infectious plants also decreased. A very important finding was that the spraying of ozone water on the plants did not cause foliar symptoms on the throat leaves in any of the treatments that were typical of previous gas experiments. The actual test in April-May 2019 While the preliminary test was still in progress, 20 throat stalks were grown to single leaf stage, which were divided into 5 boxes. The test members were
    1. completely unprocessed
    2. water spray three times a week + watering the pot with ozone water 3 and 2 weeks before the end of the experiment
    3. ozone injection 3 times a week
    4. ozone injection 5 times a week at 7 and 16
    5th ozone injection 5 times a week at 7, 12 and 16. The test area, in which 4 net / box pots were planted in peat, was surrounded by pre-test diseased plants at a distance of about 60 cm from the test plants. & O Ozone spraying five times a week 2 or 3 times a day significantly reduced the turbidity of cotyledons and growth leaves I 25 throughout the experiment. In the middle of the experiment, all * growth leaves were healthy and the cotyledons had only a mild 5 infection. Treatment three times a week alleviated the infection until the end of the experiment. On microscopic examination, the very delicate mycelium growing on the surface of N plants, which absorbs water and nutrients from the plant by suction belts and is always naturally exposed to the sun and ozone concentrations of up to 80 ppb, fully tolerates the 340 ppb ozone concentration used.
    The disease is apparently highly susceptible to ozone water, so daily spraying is sufficient to prevent new outbreaks.
    Ozone spraying did not damage the leaves of the plants at any point.
    Irrigation of plant roots with ozone water did not affect the development of fresh plant weight.
    The roots of the plants were also undamaged compared to the untreated test.
    Laboratory tests for fungal diseases Fusarium oxysporum tests Experiment 1. 9.4.2019 A plate of F. oxyxsporum without agar is homogenized in 100 ml of water.
    Add the fungal suspension to 10 ml and 1 ml of sterile 100 ml of water and 100 ml of ozone water 800 ppb. 10 minutes after each treatment, apply to 3 PDA plates.
    Observation 15.4 .: growth colonies:> 100 colonies / plate in both water-treated plates.
    For ozone treatments, 8 to 17 colonies in 10 ml inocula and 1 to 3 colonies in 1 ml inocula. 2 I Experiment 2. 16.4.2019 0 E A plate of F. oxysporum is homogenized in 100 ml of water, which is sprayed on a plastic surface. After drying for 16 hours D, ozone water was sprayed onto the plastic in large droplets. > After the droplets dried, 4 pieces of plastic were cut into the medium in triplicate to determine the viability of the fungus.
    The Fusarium fungus, which dried on the surface of the plastic, died completely when it was sprayed in large droplets onto the plastic and the water was allowed to dry after treatment. Gray mold tests (Botrytis cinerea) Experiment 1. 10.4.2019 Cabbage is rinsed with a water jet from gray mold in about 200 ml of water, homogenized. Add this and 1 ml of this fungal suspension to 100 ml of water and 100 ml of ozone water (800 ppb). At 10 and 60 minutes after each treatment, plates were placed on 3 PDA plates. Observation 15.4: in all plates, in addition to B.c, other microbes were so abundant that colonies could not be counted, i.e. the result was that ozone water did not reduce the microbiota. Experiment 2. 16.4.2019 Petri dish, (CMA dish with cabbage discs stimulating squamous cell formation) with old fungal growth almost dry and endophytic bacteria from cabbage among the fungus) rinse gray mold spores in 100 ml of water. This water is pipetted into 1 and 10 ml of 100 ml of water and ozone water. 0.5 ml of these waters is pipetted into 3 petri dishes to determine the viability of the gray mold. > & After one week of cultivation, it was found that ozone water was effective in killing both molds and bacteria in solution from both fungal concentrations. i o 25 Pythium ultimum tests
    D S Pythium ultimum differs significantly in structure and biology from other fungal diseases tested. The fungus grows the septum mycelium very rapidly in humus-rich soil such as steamed peat and in a laboratory artificial medium to a full 9 cm cup per day. In the soil, the fungus first inhabits the young hair roots at the tips of the plant's roots, which allow the plant to take nutrients from the soil. At the roots of the hair, colonies quickly form in the mycelium, from which squamous flocks are released. Flockers swim in the groundwater, spreading the disease to new destinations. In circulating water, flockers move quickly to a large area with irrigation if the irrigation water cannot be purified from the pathogen. In edible plants, the Pythium fungus is controlled by strict hygiene and biological control and by filtering irrigation water. After cultivation, the culture media and irrigation equipment are disinfected.
    Experience 1. 23.5.2019.
    In the first dish, the fungal growth was soaked for 30 minutes in sterile water after the Pythium fungus had grown from an inoculum agar button about 2 cm from the edge of the dish, which was removed with a larger cap drill before water treatment. The fungus grew to fullness in 16 hours with water treatment. In the second dish, identical treatment with ozone water (800 ppb). In the Pythium culture, a denser fungal mycelium was visible around the inoculation site, from which the fungus had time to grow only 2 cm before the ozone treatment. Ozone destroyed the youngest o-tips of the fungus and possibly the strands that had grown out of the agar, but did not work on the strap, which has already grown partly inside the agar.
    ™ I Ozone treatment destroyed the fungal filament from the agar surface. When the Pyt- = hium fungus grows on an artificial medium, part of the mycelium grows inside the agar in the same way as the pathogen penetrates 3 30 in a uniform front into succulent plant parts such as the cotyledon. In this case, ozone water can only disinfect the filaments detached from the medium, after which the fungus immediately begins new growth as a plant leaving the solid medium.
    vustona.
    An important result of the research is the control of the aerobic bacterium spreading on the surface of the fungal filament with ozone.
    Examination of the results Frosty studies showed with great certainty that plant frost can be very reliably controlled or at least limited under strong infectious pressure.
    Pesticide treatment requires that ozone water be applied to the surface of the plant in large droplets resembling moderate natural rainfall.
    In the test performed now, no treatments were performed on weekends on Saturday and Sunday, which certainly weakened the control result.
    Mildew control applications are easiest to make in a greenhouse that already has automated sprinkler-type short-term plant watering for leaves.
    Even in the open, mildew control is possible, for example, with strawberry nozzles placed on benches.
    The disinfection tests of the Fusarium fungus were very unambiguous, i.e. these types of fungi, which form small clefts, are completely sensitive to ozone, both in their light scabs and in their mycelium.
    The most important use for ozone water would be the disinfection of farms and substrates between cultivation periods.
    Use during cultivation is also possible to protect pathogens on the surface of the plant which have not yet infected the host plant.
    The method of use would be n similar to that of mildew, i.e. watering the places wet. a 0 However, after many tests, control of gray mold proved to be possible when the mycelium and cramps are dry.
    S 30 As its name implies, this fungus is already slightly colored.
    In nature, it occurs in the above-ground parts of plants and survives in complete drought and sunshine like the mycelium of a mildew, which survives thanks to the water it takes from the plant with its suction cups. However, in the first laboratory experiments, the gray mold was completely tolerant to ozone when the mycelium and scabies of the fungus had been growing at very high humidity in either the culture medium or the stored cabbage. When the mycelium and cleft palate of the fungus were allowed to dry so that the mycelium cells were flat when examined under a microscope. When this culture was rinsed in water and sprayed to dry on a plastic surface or pipetted directly into the ozone water, the ozone water was an excellent fungicide. This control procedure was based on the hypothesis that a dry but viable fungus must absorb ozone water, causing the fungus to die as a result of ozone entering. A similar phenomenon cannot occur in nature, in which case the gray mold has not been able to develop an ozone protection mechanism over the years. The same mechanism of action works with all light fungi (Moniliaceae fungi). This research result has a wide range of applications in the disinfection of greenhouses and warehouses. Perhaps the most significant application point is the control of stockpile diseases in cabbages and carrots, with a particular focus on gray mold and downy mildew. These fungal spores are carried by the wind to the surfaces of the plants in dry weather, but during rainy seasons the spores are washed out into the ground.
    o o 25 OF
    O ™
    I a a n 0) O O O O OF
    权利要求:
    Claims (15)
    [1]
    A method for removing disease-causing microbes, which during their lifetime have ozone-sensitive phases such as dried mycelium and spores, swarm spores and sensitive mycelium unfamiliar with light, from an object such as cultivated plants and / or a cultivation / storage space, which method comprises a preparation of an ozone aqueous solution, and e treatment of the object with the ozone aqueous solution, characterized in that the evaporation is set so that the drying of the water from the surfaces takes 5 - 300 minutes, e the disease-causing spores and / or organisms in the object are brought by drying in a resting place. and an absorbent state before treatment with the ozone aqueous solution, the ozone water treatment is carried out in the parts of the plants above ground or on hardened surfaces in the form of large droplets, so that the ozone content of the ozone water on the surface to be treated is 100 - 3000 ppb, preferably 200 - 1000 ppb , said spores and / or organisms absorbing ozone with the irrigation water and dying.
    N & 2 25
    [2]
    A method according to claim 1 for removing disease-causing microbes from plant parts above ground, comprising at least cucumbers, lettuce and powdery mildew-sensitive ornamental plants, in greenhouse cultivation, wherein the microbes & life cycle exhibits a significant phase outside the plant in 2 the plant parts above ground, characterized by that
    The conditions of the plant environment are observed, including at least measurement of the evaporation, with which the conditions are regulated, and the control unit controls the plant for spraying the ozone aqueous solution in accordance with a regulated program.
    [3]
    A method according to claim 1 for removing pathogenic microbes from plants, comprising at least strawberry, in open field cultivation, wherein the life cycle of the pests exhibits a significant phase in the above-ground plant parts of the berries or plant, characterized in that the pathogenic the spores and / or organisms are brought into an absorbing state by observing the conditions of the environment, and the ozone treatment is realized on the day when it is not raining.
    [4]
    Method according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that nozzles are used for the spraying of the ozone aqueous solution, in which droplets are formed, the ozone content of which in the object is 10 to 75% of the initial level in the water used for spraying.
    [5]
    Process according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the initial level of the ozone content is 500 to 3000 ppb, preferably 700 to 2500 ppb.
    [6]
    NE 6. A method according to any one of claims 1 - 5 for destroying disease-causing microbes, comprising at least grass mold, powdery mildew fungus and leaf mold, in greenhouses or in the open air, characterized in that the ozone water treatment is carried out at least once. during the germination period and if necessary 0 - 6 times a day, preferably 1 - 4 times a day.
    [7]
    Method according to claim 6, characterized in that the daily periodization of the ozone treatments is determined on the basis of a defined risk level.
    [8]
    Method according to one of Claims 1 to 7, for destroying pathogenic microbes, comprising gray mold, powdery mildew and leaf mold, in greenhouses or in the open air, characterized in that a single spray of the ozone aqueous solution takes 5 to 60 seconds, preferably 10 to 20 seconds. .
    [9]
    Method according to one of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the spray pipe system is emptied of old water before the ozone water solution is led to the pipe system.
    [10]
    Method according to one of Claims 1 to 9 for the control of Pythium disease, characterized in that clean plant substrates, clean biofiltered irrigation water and disinfected irrigation pipes and irrigation gutters are arranged during cultivation.
    [11]
    Method according to Claim 1, for removing N pathogenic microbes from empty culture / storage rooms, characterized in that the room is mechanically cleaned and air-dried, and 0.1 to 2% of the ozone aqueous solution is used , preferably- & preferably 0.5 - 1 1 / m .
    >
    N
    [12]
    Method according to claim 11, characterized in that the spraying of the ozone aqueous solution is done with a manual irrigation device.
    [13]
    A system for removing pathogens from cultivated plants, comprising e an ozone aqueous solution generator (12) for generating a 100 - 3000 ppb, preferably 200 - 1000 ppb, ozone aqueous solution, and e a pipe system for transporting the ozone aqueous solution comprising a groundwater pipe (21) and several branching tubes (23) terminating in the plurality of spray nozzles (25) among or on the vegetation, characterized in that the system comprises means for observing environmental conditions, comprising at least one sensor (32) for measuring temperature and a sensor (34) for measuring saturation deficits, e a control unit (30) controls the plant for spraying the ozone aqueous solution in accordance with a regulated program, and e for spraying the ozone aqueous solution spray nozzles (25) are used, in which large droplets are formed, e.g. that the ozone content in the object is 10 - 75% $ of the starting level. & S
    [14]
    System according to claim 13, characterized in that the N ozone generator (12) can be connected to a normal fertilizer irrigation water system via a valve (51). 1 30 3
    [15]
    System according to claim 13, characterized in that the> spray nozzles (25) for the ozone aqueous solution are low-pressure gap spreaders.
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    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    US6817541B2|2000-09-01|2004-11-16|Del Industries, Inc.|Ozone systems and methods for agricultural applications|
    JP2003199814A|2002-01-08|2003-07-15|Masanao Uchiyama|Atomizing sterilization and deodorization device|
    CN109906839A|2019-04-17|2019-06-21|吴宇飞|A kind of artificial climate and environmental Kuznets Curves environment protective plant protecting vegetables and fruits implant system|
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